Confidentiality of Health Information Essay Example for Free

Confidentiality of Health Information Essay1. Should corrections be date and time stamped?Yes, it is very important to keep hide of when changes are made to an somebodys medical records. Any correction made to confidential medical study should be time and date stamped. In addition, the name of the person who makes the changes should be recorded with the time and date change. should there not be a note of who makes changes to the medical record. An example of the negative consequences of not date and time stamping medical records, electronic or an new(prenominal)(prenominal)wise, is that in a court of law, ones medical records could be inadmissible due to this impartial negligence. A medical malpractice case, in which the patient deserves compensation for universe diagnosed incorrectly, or not diagnosed at all, could hinge on this incredibly important detail. Whether or not the patients medical records was date and time stamped, as well as signed by the individual working on the patients electronic medical record.2. When should the patient be advised of the humankind of computerized infobases containing medical information about the patient?A patient should be advised of the existence of computerized database containing medical information about the patient , before the patients physician releases said information to the entity keeping the computer bases. All medical information must be shared with the patient before any treatments are performed, so that the patient may give their informed consent for the treatment or procedure to be administered. If patients were unaware of the existence of their medical information stored in computerized database, they obviously would not absorb the subsistledge to access their own records, which is highly amateurish and detrimental to the patients health care in the future. According to the American Medical Association (AMA), patients ca-ca the right to know where their records are being stored and who has ac cess to them for safety and privacy of the individual.3. When should the patient be notified of purging of archaic or inaccurate information?States procedures for purging the computerized data base of archaic or inaccurate data should be established and the patient and physician should be notified before and after the data has been purged. It is essential that the patient and physician always know what is going on with their confidential medical records. Care must be taken to make sure that the medical record are never accidently obscure with other computer based record. With technology growing faster than most of us can keep up, most of today information is on computer. all being stored on a disk, on websites, or even online storage . The American Medical Association (AMA), has issued opinion 5.07 confidentiality for computers.4. When should the computerized medical database be online to the computer death?The computerized medical database is online to the computer terminal onl y when authorized computer programs requiring the medical data are in physical exercise. According to the (AMA ) policy, External individuals or organizations should not have online access to these computerized database. containing identifiable data from medical records patient. Access should be controlled through security measures. Some examples of these are encryption of the file, password to gain access to the file, or other user identification. In addition, leaving a terminal online to the database when it is not necessary can make it easier for hackers to get into the system.5. When the computer service bureau destroys or erases records, should the erasure be verified by the bureau to the physician?I believe that when the computer services bureau destroys or erases the record, the physician should be notified in writing that it has taken place. Before records can be destroyed or erased the bureau has to establish that the physician has another copy, of some form, in his posses sion. The patient and the physician have the right to know any little alteration on any record. This will help in knowing what information has been erased and what significance it has as far as patients medical process is concerned.6. Should individuals and organizations with access to the database be identified to the patient?Yes, all individuals and organizations with some form of access to the computerized databases, and the train of access permitted should be specifically identified in advance. Full disclosure of this information to the patients is necessary in obtaining consent to treatment. patient data should be designate a security level appropriate for the datas degree of sensitivity, which should be used to control who has access to the information. The patient has the right to know who have an access to his/her information and why. This will for the respect of the patients right to privacy and confidentiality.7. Does the AMA ethics opinion mention encryption as a profic iency for security?Yes, the computerized data systems have a compromising information security. The (AMA) opinion is that there should be controlled access to the computerized database via security procedures such as encryption (encoding), passwords, and other user identification including scan able badges. Confidentiality agreements should be made with other healthcare professional whom the office networks with encryption is recommended if the network entails public channel of dialogue such a radio waves, telephone wires, and microwaves. This will increase the changes of information confidentiality.8. In regard to electronic medical record (EMR), what is the policy for disclosing authorized data requested by third parties?The patient must give consent in writing authorization for disclosing any information about his/her medical record. the individual or groups requesting the data required to obtain the expressed consent of the patient. The dissemination of confidentiality medical data should be limited to only those individuals or agencies with a bona fide use of the data.As well as the fact that, the third parties receiving the Electronic PHI , do not have the authorization to wear out the information to additional sources. Then , the database should disclose the least(prenominal) amount of E-PHI possible to serve the purpose , while also limiting the period of its use. Finally, the policy for disclosing the E-PHI is clear, the database must acquire consent for the dissemination of the least amount of information possible , the database must maintain the patients confidentiality, and, the third parties receiving the data may not disclose the data to any other organization or individual. American Medical Association, (AMA) opinion 5.07.REFERENTSwww.ama-assn.org/ Search box type, opinion 5.07www.ahima.org/www.ama-assn.org/ama/category

The Incident Of Blood Transfusion Health And Social Care Essay

The Incident Of Blood Transfusion health And Social C argon testifyIntroductionSaving lives by means of pencil eraser precautions is emphatic by the health institutions. Particularly in clinical c atomic number 18 a minute wrongful conduct ordure jeopardize lives of human worlds. though NHS has promised to serve the best interests of people, lapses in the unhurried safety seems evident. As a firmness, NPSA proposed seven steps to safe keep precious life.Over only the literature discusses the patient safety measure outs, human and system factors contributing to diminish the performance and precision of c are administered. During 20th carbon sudden rise in kind transfusions are evident. Blood is regarded as an important organ. Transfusion is a multi-step process where jeopardize or complications are super C. It discusses all the important steps in assessing the human and system errors. Systematic review is done by estimating the risks and proposes a solution of bloo dless surgery which is last picking to escape from worries of transfusion.The key terms used for search are patient safety, safety culture, blood transfusions, ergonomics, bloodless surgeries, organizational factors and human incidents. forbearing SafetyThe health sector is a highly pressurized, complex system where in which the potential for error and accidents is ever present. Statistics on International Research suggests that ensuing patient safety is one of the most important challenges faced by the healthcare today, not only in the United Kingdom but also worldwide. It was observed that the fore cause of various events and accidents together with a majority of mistakes taking place in medical environment is the system itself-a system whose flaws eventually lead to a human error. The Patient Safety initiative is an innovative, proactive approach that provides basis for eliminating the flaws from the system forrader they result in to needless tragedies. According to World Heal th Organization (2011), Patient safety can be defined as a fundamental principle of health care (WHO, 2011). Precisely, the improvements concerning to patient safety want a complex-system of wide effort, environmental and safety risk management, including infection control, safe and effective use of medicines, clinical practices and care. Nevertheless, this new patient safety perspective was been genuine in United Kingdom through an initial get hold of, commissioned by the De rolement of Health and Design Council, to deliver ideologies and recommendations for a design approach to minimize the risk of medical error and to promote patient safety across the National Health Service (Department of Health, 2006).On the former(a) hand, insecurity an inherent part of health care may lead to severe complications spell delaying them might be even more dangerous. At moment, in NHS controlling safety and estimating the risk has become internal process of supporting patients in hospital set tings.To improve standards in patient care and for reviewing, documentation of risk form the basis for time to come investigations. Risk assessments advertently examine the systems to identify the factors that could potentially cause or contribute to patient harm (Department of Health, 2004). These assessments highlight whether adequate precautions are being taken to ensure timely and safer provision of care. Additionally, it indicates further measures needed in future to prevent harm and risk to the patients (Department of Health, 2006). Seven steps by the National Patient Safety Agency were published in 2004. Gives evidence of the risk refer and steps to prevent potential harm by integrating the management of risk, patients involved and the solutions proposed for incidents (National Patient Safety Agency, 2004). Within NHS, Risk Assessment is highly essential as it facilitates the practitioner to minimize both consequences of an adverse effect and risk itself. Risk Assessment p rovides an early warning system and thus maximizes the probability of positive outcomes. Thus, Risk Assessment tool can be used effectively with live on clinical judgment connected with experience of assessing risks. In essence, managing risks of ward-base and evaluation of patients is spanking aspect of the tool (Royal College of Nursing, 2004).The ScenarioMajor concern is that blood is contaminated with infectious diseases kindred AIDS, hepatitis etc. Though screening being implemented, there is a risk involved while donating blood. Dr Gordec identified patients willing to donate blood being give and not yet developed antibodies could be detect through screeningBlood Borne DiseaseA great stride in medicine discipline has invented new surgical methods and procedures for transfusions. It became a multibillion-dollar industry. presently, transfusion- associate diseases came to the fore. During the Korean War, nearly 22 percent who received plasma transfusions developed hepatit is. By1970s, the U.S. Centers for Disease and Control estimated death due to the hepatitis infect blood, 3500 a year (Awake 2002 Published by Jehovahs witnesses).Case study of cheek surgery related patientThe rate of mortality is high in patients undergoing heart surgery and kidney transplantation. The incident is treated as adverse event which is not happened at the beginning levels of transfusion. Although the preliminary checking is done, the rate of mortality is high. Patients diagnosed with coronary syndrome were routinely attached blood transfusions. Studies published by JAMA admits that folks often choose transfusions are at higher risk of dying when compared with those who recall. Doctors participated in the study published findings verbalism We caution against the routine use of blood transfusion to maintain arbitrary hematocrit levels in stable patients with ischemic heart disease.Nigerian case studyCase of a baby girl infected with HIV positive in Nigeria was extend ed in the Awake 2008 article titledHIV- Screened Blood Safe. Soon later the birth, the baby nominate to be jaundiced. The doctors prescribed transfusion. As fathers blood is incompatible, hospital authorities ordered blood from blood bank. Post transfusion, the baby detected HIV positive, though parents were HIV negative. Investigation is done and the Nigerian Tribune account a virologist saying At the time of donating, the donor was at the window flow of HIV infection.The window period for HIV infection, is time period taken by the immune system to recover the antibodies for antibody test. It may take 2 to 8 weeks and it varies from person to person. So the screened blood is no safe and carries risk. The San Francisco AIDS Foundation warns During the test, HIV infected person cannot be detected during that time. In fact, often people are infected at this period of time.The pre-check for immune factors is small mistake but the implication of transfusing the blood has resulted in adverse result which may result in death.Case study of Transfusion-related lung injury (TRALI)Case study of patients administered in hospital for receiving blood products, particularly plasma-containing products for hemolytic reasons. This is quite interesting case, after transfusing blood, the patient contracted transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). When careful investigation is done, though careful administration of right blood and patient identification is carried, the blood cells from the donor reacted with recipients tweed blood cells was evident. This resulted in the size of the lungs which allow the fluids to enter and may lead to death if not treated correctly.This incident is classified as adverse event, where careful observation is vital in delivering services. The carry should take a note of reactions and report to higher staff and doctors. Based on the reaction of patients, the nurse should gibe transfusing the blood as a precaution measureHuman FactorsAccor ding to the Health and Safety Executive (1999, p. 2), Human factors influences the carriage of individuals or an organization ground on factors standardized organizational, environmental and business organization which affects the health and safety of employees and employers. A simple way to view human factors is look into three aspects the job, the individual and the behavior (Health and Safety Executive, 1999).Categorizing Human FailureIt is very important to understand that human failures in relation to transfusion process are not random and there put across specific patterns for their implementation (Manser, 2009). Different types of failures that lead to major accidents in Healthcare sector are worth knowingUnintentional Errors like slips/lapses, mistakes are basically unplanned actions and these must be eliminated during the training process of human factors. Errors usually occur during the accomplishment of a familiar task much(prenominal) as forgetting something or omi ssions, maintenance, calibration and testing errors. Mistakes, on the other hand are the errors of judgment and decision making and they appear in situations where nurse behavior is found on familiar procedures or unfamiliar situations where in which decisions are formed form the first principles and lead to miscalculations. By training the nursing staff and other health professionals in Transfusion department, these types of errors can be avoided (Mc Cormick, Wardrope 2003).International Errors involve violations and these differ from the above type of errors as these are well-meaning failure such as non-compliance of procedures or taking a short cut of Transfusion process.These are rarely willful (like sabotage) and usually occur from an intention of getting the job done quickly despite of consequences. These Violations cane be Routine (behavior in opposing to a rule and procedure), Exceptional (that prevail unusual and unpredicted circumstances), Situational (occur as a conseque nce of factors dictated by workers) and Acts of Sabotage (self explanatory and complex) (Manser 2009).Clinical blood transfusion contains multiple steps and is prone to error. Various studies showed most errors occur outside the clinical laboratory. Errors are apparent to happen while collecting the blood components from storage facilities, performing transfusions and while monitoring patients before and after transfusion.The common fear is that patients get infected while receiving the blood components. It occurs very rare. SHOT acknowledges that only 1.4 % infected out of 4,334 adverse events between 1996 and 2007. The greatest risk lies in human error, administering blood to wrong patients or not intended to someone else, accounts to 62.7% of reported cases (SHOT, 2008)Patient IdentificationWhile ensuring blood is administered to the right patient, scrupulous dubiousness into patient dilate is mandatory. Identifying patients is vital and must be confirmed when pre-transfusion is taken, collecting the specimen from storage areas and when blood is injected.Checking the blood bagBacteria infected transfusions are major cause of deaths. The staff should remain vigilant and check for the contaminated blood components of red cells and platelet units (SHOT 2008). Nurses should check the blood bag for any grunge or clumping and also expiry date of the product.Safe CollectionThe person/ relative who retrieve the blood from the bank must take a compose evidence of patients identity. This must be check against the patients identification draw exactly. Details of patients must include such as first name, surname, date of birth and uncomparable identification number (BCSH 1999). It minimizes the risk of being wrong blood collected and giving it to the wrong patient.Pre-administration checkPre-administration check is vital in ensuring safety measure while donating blood. It includes checking the patient information on the blood pack against the label of the recipi ent. The staff can enquire with the patients about their details and cross-check with the identification band. due to ambiguity or unconscious state of recipient, identity can be verified with second staff member and via recognition band.Based on compatibility report or patients note must not be considered as final checking procedure (NPSA, 2006). Nurse should remember the main 2 points.No identification band no transfusion, and always confirm with identity band.The blood group and donation number on the compatibility tie-on tag should match the blood component.If discrepancies are found during the process, the nurse should stop immediately and contact the transfusion laboratory. For example DOB not matching with identity band. Continuity without distraction is important in verifying the information. In critical conditions, interruption can be allowed. Sometimes it makes them distract to perform checking from beginning to end.MonitoringStudies show there are differing opinions of observing the patents during transfusion. It is generally agree observations are recorded before administering. Rowe and Doughty (2000) highlights rate of response to reactions caused by blood without proper monitoring techniques. To respond quickly by the staff continual observation is mandatory.Prior administration checking blood pressure, pulse rate and temperature is recommended (BCSH 1999). During the entire process for every 15 minutes the above recommendations are repeated. Making notes of vital signs for every 15 min is suggested during the first hour and every 30 min from second hour (Castledine 2006).War strategists say that humans are likely to sleep in early hours of morning (3.00 am to 5.00 am). The sleep factor makes the observation bit difficult at night times. During delayed transfusion reactions being vigilant is challenging.System factorsSystem is defined as interaction with the physical, social and organization environment in which individual operate. It recogni ses with Information technology devices, protocols, legal procedures, on the job(p) environment, education and training etc.Reducing the medical adverse drug events (ADE) at St. Josephs medical centre, Illinois has led to automation of process. The medication process is quite lengthy and incidents such as un usable patient information, miscommunication of medication, labeling and storage are often repeated.Information technology cannot replace the humans in critical care, but can reduce the repetitive tasks such as entering the pre-requisite details, including checks for problems. Humans are better than computers while taking complex decisions (Bates 2000). Reliance on individual is emphasized rather than automated systems when explaining errors and accidents (Parker and Lawton 2006).CPOE (computerized physician order system) has made great impact in prevention of medication errors, while orders are written online. The information is structured, contains details about the drug, do sage and frequency. Finally each order is verified for allergies and quantity of dose for patients suffering with kidney and liver problems. The invention of CPOE has resulted in 55% reduction in medication errors (Bates 1998).Decision to transfuseThe decision not to transfuse must outweigh the risk of transfusion. Each blood samples should be given over to patient after consideration and when there are no alternatives. Further guidelines and indications can be found at www.bcshguidelines .org.uk and www.sign.ac.uk.ConsentIt is better to discuss the treatment option before a decision is reached for prescribing blood components in clinical practices (McClleland 2007). To gain consent for treatment, the patient (parents/guardian) should have access to information about the risks. The patient has the right to refuse the transfusion by assessing the risk factors and alternative techniques. Some may reject the based on religious grounds or because of risks. In cases like these, the nurs e should refer to local hospital policy for advice (Grey et al 2007)Religious group Jehovahs Witness, because of their bible-based faith they keep abstaining from blood components. They have a durable power of familiarity (DPA) and the Advance Medical Directive/Release card as into a single legal document, which explains their stand and treatment options.Local hospital policiesBlood is given voluntarily in UK. The hospital authorities have to ensure the blood is used effectively and for the benefit of patients. The nurses should be aware with local hospital policies related to effective use of blood, storage and transportation. Each blood unit is precious if unused it should be sent back to laboratory to maximize the use by other patients.Safety cultureThere is often blame culture. When things go wrong, people may threaten them with disciplinary measures or termination from services. Such individuals should be held accountable, but it acts as deterrent in reporting the adverse even t (Department of Health, 2007, p.77).The communication and mutual respect is important, to be an effective team player. Some subordinate doctors have not found good reasons to transfusion, and are in dilemma about the treatment. They have fear of challenging the treatment options and often budge. In situations like these open debate or discussion should be welcomed by the higher officials, which benefits the patients. There are cases, unnecessarily blood transfusion are opted repeatedly which risks the patient recovery.RecommendationsAlternative techniquesHuman errors are inevitable though much care are precision are followed. Blood is an organ and complications are expected while transfusing. There has been a debate about whether blood transfusion is really necessary. Jehovahs witnesses are known world-wide for bloodless surgeries. They have various alternative techniques. In October 2006, Reforma reported more than 30 blood transfusion alternatives. They include cauterizing blood vessels, covering organs with special gauze that releases chemicals that inhibit bleeding, and using blood-volume expanders.Time magazine says the enumerate operative cost for the blood transfusion, the bill comes between $1 billion and $2 billion annually. Sharon Vernon, director for bloodless medicine admits that people are meet aware of the benefits of bloodless surgeries and its cost cutting environment. The recovery of people is commendableEducation and TrainingThe nurses and midwives needs to be updated with skills and competencies to understand the peri-operative conditions of blood transfusions. To participate in clinical transfusion, NHS Quality Improvement Scotland in 2006 has initiated education initiative and equivalent roles which is a prerequisite for nurses.Role of patientsEthics published by NMC are available in respecting the patient rights when opting treatment. The patient can play an active role in reducing the accidents by making scrupulous search into the op tions available, benefits and risks associated. For further information, leaflets are available at hospitals and web resources can be helpful.ConclusionPatient safety is vital in providing good care. The NHS has worked with NPSA to implement the guidelines for preventing of errors or hazards. Though systems are designed to make error free, complete elimination of mistakes is not possible as we have tendency to err. The literature discusses the human and system factors of blood transfusion. Though pre-administration check, identification of blood bags are done properly, immune factors of the donor has to be tested. The whole process is riskier and involves cost which is burden. Despite safety precautions, it is best to go for blood less surgery which is infection-free recovery from surgery is almost double and the total cost of surgery is affordable. Competency based training and education enables the nurses and staff to deal successfully with adverse reactions.

A Satisfactory Alternative To Utilitarianism Proposals Philosophy Essay

A Satisfactory Alternative To Utilitarianism Proposals Philosophy EssayA Theory of judge by John Rawls presents a vastly more viable, workable, exposelineatic, and satisfactory alternative to Utilitarianism placeosals as a moral theory. While Utilitarianism attempts to spread benefits and burdens across familiarity with the goal of maximizing public utility company-grade, A Theory of Justice establishes the 2 first conventions which ensure that each member of sociable club first have access to basic liberties and secondly each(prenominal)ows for social and economic inequalities to exist provided auberge is structured so as to benefit those who are the to the lowest degree well off. Additionally, Rawls Original Position and veil of ignorance ensures that someones entrust non set up society so as to give themselves a greater advantage, but rather will have an incentive to set up scheme of nicety which treats all members of society fairly as they do not have the inf ormation through wich they could, with any degree of certainty, stack the deck in their party favor. In tell apart with utilitarianism Rawls assumes that justice not utility is the overriding factor in creation of a good society.Additionally, Rawls rulers are ones that free and rational persons would accept under the current position with a veil of ignorance limiting individuals from creating an unfair advantage from the outset. Social contract theory is superior to utilitarianism precisely because it affords each person equal rights to the more or less extensive basic liberty in alignment with others in society whereas utility as an aim boasts no such ability.FIRST PRINCIPLESThe difference principle is the idea that actions taken in society should improve the expectations of the least advantaged members of society. However it shapes this in the lens of mutual advantage, or as I like to conceive of it, a tide raises all boats. Ultimately both persons are wear out off. Rawls st ates that Inequality in expectation is permissible only if lowering it would make the works class even more worse off. With this in play, Greater expectations allowed to entrepreneurs encourages them to do things which raise the long term prospects of laboring class. The difference principle in solution takes a small aspect of utility and applies it, in a different way to the least well off.DISTINCTION BETWEEN PERSONSPerhaps Rawls greatest review of Utilitarianism is in regards to the short letter of persons. Utilitarianism rump only claim to protect individual rights in so much as the single paramount aim of utility fall upons this through maximizes utility. As will be notes later, utility is a horrible tool for achieving this aim.A Theory of Justiceis Rawlss creation with the goal to create a philosophy of justice that provides more satisfaction in the quest for a arranging which aptly preserves justice and individual liberties.His first two principles achieve this and are a s follows The first is that each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with a standardized liberty for others. The second is that Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that a) they are to be of the greatest benefit to the least-advantaged members of society (the difference principle). b) offices and positions essential be open to everyone under conditions offair equality of opportunityFrom this ordering, equal liberty is first and foremost secured, folled by a more satisfactory social safety net that allows for economic advantage of some over others in so long as it benefits the least well off.Transitioning from this basis which respects the distinction of persons, Rawls begins his attacks on Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism in a misled effort, takes the logic that a single individual would rationally make to maximize the benefits and minimize burdens, and tries to apply them to society as a whole. You cannot apply the cost a nd benefit logic made by one person to the collective of persons society wide. Rawls con bunks that this lends itself to situations where there is neglect for the separateness of persons in favor adding up the total happiness and is prone to the violation of basic rights and liberties, which in his view are paramount. While it is perfectly logical for an individual to strive for level outgo happiness for themselves, utilitarian theory is flawed in its attempts to apply these concepts to society as a whole.Social contract theory, in a vastly better way provides protection for individuals.Rawls uses examples such as Slavery and Suppression of free speech to show how, conceivably, the suppression of ones rights could be allowed under utilitarianism. For example, suppose a society was reinforced of a strong majority of concourse, whos entire income was based upon the silence or labor of another class. Were this class of people to be wedded liberty of speech or rights to vote or fre edom from forces labor, the entire society would collapse, resulting in a near complete depletion of utility for the whole. Under the principles of utilitarianism this liberation should not happen. In the quest to maximizeutility for all citizens other members of society must necessarily be denied any meaningful right or liberties to prop up the whole. Rawls sets up what he calls the the impartialspectator to illustrate this. This individual feels the wants and needs of all in society. From this all knowing snap shot, this person determines the best way to maximize utility overall.In doing this, the spectator may give certain groups higher priority over others due to the constraints of maximizing utility.Thus Rawls argues that potentially very little care will go toward the individual whose rights and freedoms could conceivably be neglected becausethey make up a minority or undistinguished factor in the overarching goal to maximize societies utility. From here, he states that Utili tarianism does nottake seriously the distinction between persons..Rawls asserts that his theory is an improvement from this since a theory of justice takes all person into account.The utilitarian response to this is of course that it is precisely by the focus upon achieving utility and would thereby argue that utility is best achieved when individual rights are protected. However, in contrast with Rawls second principle, the utilitarian idea does not particularly care what the spread of utility is across people. It may well be that utility is best served when all members of society are provided equal rights, but Rawls rase is that there are compelling examples of where this could be completely untrue(e.g. Slavery).EQUILIBRIUMThe concept of residual also very important in Rawls overall theory and the sustenance of the original position. If a departure from this situation sets in motion tendencies which restore it, the equalizer is stable. What he means by this is since the agreeme nt is freely struck between individuals and it provides the best situation for all parties involved within this system, there is a built in check on any activity threatening the system. Since the system maximizes individual interests, provided they are consistent with the rights and freedom of others, the majority of individuals will be benefiting from the system and will work to maintain it. In a way this is reminiscent of utilitarianism. While utility is not being directly calculated, by everyone playing by the rules, it is of maximum benefit to all involved. Essentially, his failsafe measure to preserve the Original Position is everyones desire to maximize his or her own utility.ResponsibilityAnother appeal for the theory of justice is its upholding of personal responsibility and that dynamic between society and individuals. While under his first principles, society is charged with ensuring liberties the flip side to this is that with this as a starting point,each individual is r esponsible for his or her livelihood plan and choices as well as the consequences that emanate from them. A default on life plans, does not bring about legitimate grounds for compensation by society. Conversely, if a member succeeds well beyond those around them, this merit based work and wealth/happiness disparity is allowable, provided it benefit the least well off in society. In society owes the individual only to uphold the first principles, from there, irrelevant utilitarianism there is a sort of empowerment of the individual.VEILRawls states that for this system to work, all citizens must see themselves asbeing behind a veil of ignorance.By this he means that all deciding partiesin establishing the guidelines of justice (all citizens) must see themselves asequal to everyone paying no mind to there economic situation or anything elsethat they could keep in mind to negotiate a better situation to those qualities.For example, someone who will become wealthy would not be made a ware of this due to the veil, and therefore would not attempt to set up the tax code so as to benefit him over others. The individual has an incentive to do this as he or she may end up with the bad end of the deal when all the cards are put on the table. This sets up a vastly more fair system than utilitarianism can provide. With utilitarianism, a majority could very easily take a seem at the way this will play out, and shift them to be in their favor, and this would be allowed should it maximize the total utility.Another weak area for utilitarianism is in regards to what Rawls asserts in his statement that even where laws and institutions are unjust, it is often better that they should be consistently applied. In this way those subject tot them at least know what is demanded and they can try to protect themselves accordingly. Expectations are critical. It is important that even if the law is unjust, that it is consistent and clear. The situation that arises out of an unjust and inconsistent law, is that you have a populace uneffective to shield themselves or judge what their behavior should be to avoid punishment. Utilitarianism, by its very nature offers no such similar consistency since its goal is not justice, but rather utility. It is possible that randomly, one act or another could be made illegal or taxed with the known result that it will addition utility. Of course the counter claim to this is that maximizing utility leads to justice, but again there are countless examples where this would be untrue. I find in solidarity with Rawls in that justice is better served in the contractarian system over the utilitarian system. If the utilitarian system aims to simply have the most happiness spread to the most people possible, where is the justice for those who fall between the cracks of this system and are sacrificed as a necessary evil to the happiness of the many?Additionally, the idea that one injustice will compensate for the other, which on the sur face, seems to be what utilitarianism promotes I find no basis in human reasoning. Under the veil of ignorance this would never be allowed. His concept of participatory equality is an alternative to utilitarianism which is vastly more appealing.He goes on to claim that the reason for the predominance of utilitarianism is due to the vast amount of well re delicatelyd and splendid writings on the subject. He notes that the great writers for this system were social theorists and economists first and foremost and secondly worked to hash out theories in their writings with which to support and fine turn their beliefs. Throughout the 19th and 20th century there was near monopoly of thought from the major philosophical theorist in support of utilitarianism.I tend to agree with Rawls in his assertion that these theories received a very secluded amount of scrutiny toward Utilitarianisms weak points. While the positives of the system were well distributed and known, the skeptical voices wer e given a less widespread audience.I also agree with Rawls in his belief that their must be an alternative option available to people and that pointing out the flaws of utilitarians isnt enough. A choice must be given and is given in A Theory of Justice.. It is never enough to simply sit back and point the finger in a critique. Rather, an alternative must and is provided by Rawls.Rawls also defeats utilitarianism in the battle for a balance between liberty and equality. Under his first principles, liberty is adequately served in that he understands that there will always arises a disparity of wealth within society, but then with his second principle he establishes a check upon the trampling of the lowest in society. In Rawls view, this is fair due to the veil and essential aspect is the securing of basic liberties for all as in his first principle. In contrast however, when utility becomes the be all end all to be achieved in a society, you end up in a system that will result in the complete disregard for individual differences and desires.CONCLUSIONDespite the huge differences between utilitarianism and the social contract system which Rawls supports, both theories have the same aims. Both attempt to put its actors onto an even playing field, but go about different ways in nerve-racking to achieve this. It seems clear that A Theory of Justice gives us a vastly more satisfactory alternative to Utilitarianism. A Theory of Justice establishes the two first principles which provide for basic liberties and secondly allows for individual success in society and inequalities to exist provided the and increase in inequality would benefit those who are the least well off. The veil of ignorance also lays out an incentive for fairness. In essence, Rawls appears to have better grasp upon the basic motivation and nature of human beings. He shows this in his emphasis on individual differences within society and his acceptance of the values of justice, not utility as the me asure of a good society.

Haraway’s A Cyborg Manifesto Essay -- Science Technology Social Femini

Donna J. Haraways A Cyborg Manifesto Haraways provocative proposal of envisioning the cyborg as a myth of political identity embodies the search for a code of displacement of the hierarchical dualisms of naturalized identities (CM, 175), and thus for the breakdown of the logic of phallogocentrism and of the unity of the Western idealized self. Haraway defines the cyborg as a cybernetic organism, a hybrid of machine and organism, a creature of social reality as well as a creature of illustration (CM, 149). Her argument is introduced as an effort to build an ironic political myth faithful to feminism, socialism, and materialism (CM, 149). She claims blasphemy and irony as her vantage tools. Blasphemy invokes the unassumingness of the stance she adopts, as well as her distancing from the moral majority without breaking with the idea of community and connectivity, and irony is about contradictions that do not resolve into large wholes, even dialectically, about the tension of holding incompatible things together because both or all are necessary and true . It is also a rhetorical strategy and a political method (CM, 149). Thus, she posits the embracing of difference and partiality as a different perspective on identity, while the Manifesto of the denomination evokes notions of political commitment and avant-garde activism, alongside with historical reverberations of Futurists acclamations to the new machine-age.Haraways cyborg is a blending of both materiality and imagination, pleasure and responsibility, reality and the Utopian dream of a world without gender and, maybe, without end. We are all hybrids of machine and organism. The cyborg is our ontology, a creature in a post-gender world with no rootage story in the... ...and involvement of the female writers into the questioning and subversion of objective transparency. Finally, the prominence of the visuality and corporeality of/inside the Literary Annual openly challenges the masculine john of modesty.A bbreviationsCM A Cyborg Manifesto Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the ripe Twentieth Century.MW Modest_WitnessSecond Millennium.Works citedHaraway, Donna J. A Cyborg Manifesto Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century. Simians, Cyborgs, and Women. The Reinvention of Nature. London Free Association Books, 1991.---. Modest_WitnessSecond_Millennium. Feminism and Technoscience. New York Routledge, 1997Hunt, Leigh. Pocket-books and Keepsakes. The Keepsake. Ed. William Harrison Ainsworth. London Hurst, Chance & Co., & Robert Jennings, 1828.

Progeria Essay -- miscellaneous

ProgeriaProgeria is one of the least known genetic disorders. There be two types of Progeria, the only difference being the age group that it affects. The Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome is commonly called puerility Progeria. The second type of Progeria is Werners Syndrome, which is the adult form of Progeria. What basically happens in this disorder is that age is accelerated seven times faster than that of a modal(prenominal) person. For example, for Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome, a child could look like he is fifty when he is actually five years old. A twenty year old with Werners Syndrome could look similar to a sixty or seventy year old person. There is, even now, not much information known around this genetic disorder because of the scarcity of people with this disorder, not to mention the short life period that they have. The gene for Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome was discovered quite recently on April 16, 2003. lookers affirm that the gene, HGPS, is not an inherited disorder because neither pargonnt carries or express the mutation. The mutations to the gene LMNA, which encodes for the Lamin-A protein, causes Progeria. The Lamin-A protein is what provides the framework that holds the nucleus together. Researchers believe that an unstable nucleus caused by a faulty Lamin-A protein brings about Progeria. This gene is located in chromosome 1, but the exact locus has not been announced yet. Researchers say that Progeria is point autosomal point mutation. This misspell among 25,000 base pairs causes the shortage of the protein made by Lamin-A. This is also a ascendant mutation because it is expressed equally in girls and boys. As in other dominant gene mutations, there is a paternal age effect, meaning that the mother is, on the average, four or five years younger than the generate at the time of conception. The symptoms of a child with the HGPS gene are very noticeable. Although they appear normal at birth, their age begins to accele rate by they time they are 18 to 24 months old. Bones soften and become more fragile, and the even the skin takes the appearance of the very old because it becomes thinner. If the bones break, they usually do not heal properly. Children with Progeria often have a crinkled and beaklike nose, and fat under the skin is nonexistent to them. The muscles becoming flaccid, hips being dislocated, and joints... ...es, Venezuela, and Vietnam. What has also been noticed of those with Progeria, is that the progeriacs are born with abnormally short telomeres, which are caps of the chromosomes. By they time they turn five, these are as long as a very elderly person. Telomeres take place a certain point of division before they began shortening, making the person old. Currently, there are no cures for this genetic disorder. Dr. Francis Collin who is the head of the National Human genome Research Institute said that the the next step is to find a drug that corrects the mutated LMNA gene, and it ma y be possible to correct the gene itself, as stated by the Washington Post. Furthermore, mutation in a yeast protein that is similar to the human WRN protein called SGS1 causes the yeast to have a shorter lifespan than the yeast cells that are devoid of the mutation. some other fact that was noted was that nucleolus was enlarged and fragmented in the cells with SGS1, which are typical signs of aging in yeast. Yeast could be a helpful modeling for human aging because it may give the means to be knowledgeable about more about Werners Syndrome, Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome, and other related diseases.

Why People Cannot Ask For Help Essay examples -- Asking For Help

It can be seen all around us. It may, in fact, affect a good number of us. What is affecting so many raft is something called the rampart of pride. start to build this wall once they turn into adolescents. The wall of pride is nearly indestructible and many problems. Some people build their wall so high that they are no longer able to ask for help and that can be destructive. The unavoidable truth is that everybody needs help at some point in his or her life. What makes some people refrain from asking for it? . It can be seen in many TV shows, movies, or books. . My feature mother has had experience with this strange stereotype. When I interviewed her she give tongue to that one notable experience stood out from the many. This event happened a couple of years ago when my family was campaign back from Colorado. She said that we were on our way back and my dad wanted to stop at a nursing understructure to visit his grandma. Now, this nursing home was in the middle of nowhere, Nebraska. After visiting, my mom asked my dad if he needed any help getting back onto the road. My dad took offence that my mom judgment that he did not know where he was going. My mom said that he would not listen to her or look at a map. He said that he grew up going to visit his grandma and knew exactly where to go. My mom said that she gave up trying to help and started to read her book. A few hours later, my mom asked if he needed any help because we were still not on the highway. My dad said that he might have taken a slander turn Kansas. This was a time before smart phones and GPS. My mom said that we had to find a rest stop and buy a map in order to get back onto the correct highway. When I asked if he listens better now, my mom said that my dad still does not like to ge... ...rove as a society until we can learn our weaknesses and rely on others for help to broaden our overall knowledge. Only when we reach that point will the wall of pride be desolated. Works Cited as k For Help. Personal Experiment. Ed. Kim Geis. 7-19 Nov. 2013.Fallows, Deborah. The Internet and Daily Life. Pewinternet.org. Pew Internet, 11 Aug. 2004. Web.10 Dec.2013.Gladwell, Malcolm. The Tipping Point How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. capital of Massachusetts Back Bay, 2002. Print.Geis, Kim. Student Survey. Survey. 12 Dec. 2013.Geis, Teri. Personal interview. 11 Dec. 2013.Mayerowitz, Scott. Male Drivers Lost Longer Than Women. ABC News. ABC News Network, 26 Oct. 2010. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.Seidman, Dr. Daniel. Men and Asking for Help. The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 08 Dec. 2010. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.

The Human Function Argument Essay -- Philosophy Aristotle

The Human Function Argument Aristotle argues that the valet function is activity of the soul that expresses or requires earth. This object is found in Nicomachean Ethics approximately between Bekker lines 1097b24 and 1098a9.1. Humans must have a function, or else they would be idle, which is absurd. Aristotle directly asks the reader if humans office have no important overall function other than a chosen occupation in society but suggests that this would not be anticipate of nature. Terence Irwin used the word idle in his 1985 translation when phrasing this disjunct of Aristotle?s question.2. Each human body part has a function, so the integral human must likewise have a function. This premise appears parallel to Aristotle?s argument that many goods serve higher goods within a hierarchy (1094a10). Aristotle is invoking the concept a hierarchy to consider functions of body parts. Each part has a function that serves a larger part with a different function, and so it seems that the largest unit, the human body itself, must have a function.3. The human function is unique to only humans themselves. Aristotle does not seem to consider that unique human features could simply be superfluous he simply states as a goal that he is looking for a unique function.4. Human function is not growth and nutrition because these aspects of life are shared with plants. It is sensible to make this exclusion if one accepts the third premise.5. Human function is not sense intuition because this aspect of life is shared with animals. Fulfilling a function like this would constitute a life of gratification, which Aristotle rejected earlier (1095b16).6. The part of the human soul with reason is unique to humans. This is simply... ...unction argument points out its inadequacy to stand alone since the argument provides little evidence for some of its premises and rests only on certain gross beliefs without making a strong connection to the supporting evidence.BibliographyAristotl e. Nicomachean Ethics. Classics of Moral and Political Theory. 3rd ed. Trans. Terence Irwin. Ed. Michael L. Morgan. Indianapolis Hackett make Company, 2001.Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. The Internet Classics Archive. Trans. W. D. Ross. sic.Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Trans. Terence Irwin. Indianapolis Hackett Publishing Company, 1985.Aristotle. Politics. Trans. C. D. C. Reeve. Indianapolis Hackett Publishing Company, 1998.Plato. Protagoras. Trans. Stanley Lombardo and Karen Bell. Indianapolis Hackett Publishing Company, 1992.